On this era Chrysler product the TIPM (totally integrated power module) provides the power feed to the headlamp assembly. If it detects a short to power or ground then it will disable the circuit until a remedy is made. There would be no separate fuse for power feed to the headlamps.
Are the headlamp assemblies HID? That might make a difference in diagnosis.
Attached schematic shows wiring for a 2008 - 09 minivan. Hopefully wiring conventions are the same for a Chrysler 300 model. Check power and ground.
View attachment 30345